Scientific Cooperation to Support Responsible Fisheries in the Adriatic Sea

SPECIES LIST

Eledone cirrhosa
Eledone moschata
Loligo vulgaris
Lophius budegassa
Lophius piscatorius
Merlangius merlangus
Merluccius merluccius
Mullus barbatus
Nephrops norvegicus
Pagellus erythrinus
Parapenaeus longirostris
Sepia officinalis
Solea vulgaris

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sin. Gadus merlangus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Odontogadus merlangus euxinus (Svetovidov, 1935)

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL DATA

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

GENETICS

LEGISLATION

REFERENCES

Class:  Actinopterygii
Order:  Gadiformes
Family:  Gadidae
English name:  Whiting
   
Local Name: 

SQ:

 Merluci tripendesh

HR:

 Pišmolj, molet

IT:

 Merlano

SR:

 Pišmolj

SL:

 Mol

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Original Scientific Illustrations Archive

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

The body of the Whiting is long and laterally slightly flat. The upper jaw is visibly projected. Under the tip of the chin, there is a small worm-like barbel. There are three dorsal and two anal fins. The first anal fin is significantly longer than the other one; it begins under the first dorsal fin's base. The ventral fins are anterior to the pectoral ones and are under the operculum.
The caudal fin is cut in a straight line. The scales are tiny. The back is greyish-green to grey-yellowish or olive-brown. The sides are yellowish and the belly white. There is a dark spot on the base of the pectoral fins (Jardas, 1996).

Morphology data:
The fin formula is the following: D1: 14-17, D2: 16-19, D3: 18-22, A1: 28-32, A2: 19-22, P: 19-20, V: 6 (Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996).

DISTRIBUTION

World:
The whiting is distributed from Norway and Iceland to the Mediterranean and into the Adriatic, the Aegean, the Azov and the Black Seas.

Adriatic Sea:
In the Adriatic Sea it is distributed primarily in the northern part, mostly to the depths of 50 m, but it can be found in depths of about 100 m in the northern Adriatic channel waters of Croatia (Frattini and Casali, 1998). Some specimens have been fished along the Italian coast by the Gargano promontory because of coastal currents that carry eggs and larvae (Giovanardi and Rizzoli, 1984). In general, whiting mostly inhabit those regions of the Adriatic where European hake is less abundant.

Habitat:
Whiting is a bathi-pelagic species, living in shallow water up to 200 m, but mostly from 30 to 100 m (Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996).

BIOLOGICAL DATA

The distribution of whiting in the Mediterranean basin often gives rise to the debate about the possible distinction of the subspecies: M. merlangus merlangus (L) and M. merlangus euxinus (Nordman). Bini (1968-70) distinguished M. merlangus merlangus of the Adriatic Sea from M. merlangus euxinus of the Black Sea by the absence or presence of a barbell and by some measurable and meristic features (number of fin rays).
Tortonese, 1975, using the same data, assigned both populations to the subspecies M. merlangus euxinus. Ungaro et al. (1995 a) found existence of a certain differentiation, at least at morphological level, between the two populations by analysing some meristic and metric characteristics of whiting samples collected in the Adriatic and Black Sea.

Size:
Whiting can grow up to 70 cm, but its usual length in catches is from 30 to 40 cm. Females are usually bigger than males of the same age. This species lives approximately 10 years (Jardas, 1996).

Length-weight relationship:
The length-weight relationship and the length-age key are presented in the following tables.

The Total Length (TL, cm) – weight (g) relationship.

Author Area a b

Giovanardi and Rizzoli, 1984

Northern Adriatic 0.00607 3.109

Bolje, 1992

Gulf of Trieste 0.0011 2.94

Spawning:
The whiting spawns in the winter period (Bolje, 1992), that is, from winter until spring (Giovanardi and Rizzoli, 1984; Jardas, 1996) at depths between 20 and 80 m, the larvae are pelagic. Sexual maturity occurs when the fish attain a length of 20 cm; Jardas, 1996 showed that sexual maturity is reached after two years. In winter, females are dominant in the population, with M/F ratio 0,85 (Giovanardi and Rizzoli, 1984).

Total Length and age data

Total Length (TL, cm) and age (year) data

Author Sex

Age (yr)

0 1 2

Giovanardi and Rizzoli, 1984

M May 11.2 22.5 25.2
Nov 19.4 23.1 -
F May 11.2 25.5 28.3
Nov 21.5 26.9 30.5

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

CPUE:
The average catch of whiting in the northern Adriatic is from 1 to 2,5 kg/h. The highest catch is in the mouth of the Po River, primarily in winter months because of the presence of the newly recruited fish in the catch (
Frattini and Casali, 1998). In Trieste Bay, the average catch is about 1,2 kg/h (Bolje, 1992).

Biomass/Abundance Indexes:
During the expedition MEDITS (1996-98), the average value of the catch in the central and northern Adriatic was 27,9 kg/km2, in the 50 m stratum (Vrgoč, 2000). The whiting was rarely fished in deeper strata.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Gear:
It is fished almost entirely with trawls and, to a much lesser extent, with long-lines and small hook tools (
Jardas, 1996).

Fisheries statistics:

Merlangius merlangus capture fishery production (Adriatic Sea*). Data: FAO-FISHSTAT (GFCM (Mediterranean and Black Sea) capture production 1970-2003 (Release date: May 2005) Regional dataset available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/stat/windows/fishplus/gfcm.zip.

*According to GFCM definition of statistical sub-areas the Adriatic Sea falls within the area 2.1, thus including only the Northern and Central basins, while the Southern Adriatic basin and consequently the coast of South-eastern Italy and of Albania are included in the Ionian Sea (area 2.2). In order to have as comprehensive a picture as possible of all Adriatic Sea fishery production, Albanian data originally classified as from the Ionian Sea have been included in the Adriatic data set used. Unfortunately, this was not feasible for South-western Italy (Apulia Region).

Selectivity:
Selectivity of trawl to the species, according to the cover cod-end method, is shown in the table. Selectivity of trawl towards whiting.

Author

Mesh size stretched (mm)

L50% (cm)

SF SR  L25%-L75%
Ferretti e Froglia, 1975 34 8.7 2.6 7.0-10.4
33.7 10.6 3.1 7.2-14.0

GENETICS

 

Scientific name

Common name

Project framework

Sampling (Survey) Development of genetic marker (type & number of markers) Genetic structure (analysed samples, geographic areas) Population units in the Adriatic shared stock Reference associated

Merlangius merlangus

Whiting IPUAS, FAO-AdriaMed
(MEDITS 2001)

(microsatellites, 6 optimised loci)
- - Final Report of the AdriaMed  IPUAS research programme

LEGISLATION

Minimum size:

 

Species (local or common name)

Species (scientific name)

Minimum size in cm or
minimum weight in kg

ALB:
n.a.

Merluci tripendesh

-

-

CRO:
n.a.

Pišmolj, molet

-

-

ITA:
n.a.

 Merlano

-

-

SCG:
The minimum size is laid down as follows: (2. Decree on prohibition of capture and trade in fish juveniles, undersized fish and other marine organisms no. 10/2004).

 Pišmolj

-

12 cm.

SLO:
n.a.

 Mol

-

-

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