Specie: Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

	Eledone cirrhosa
	Eledone moschata
	Loligo vulgaris
	Lophius budegassa
	Lophius piscatorius
	Merlangius merlangus
	Merluccius merluccius
	Mullus barbatus
	Nephrops norvegicus
	Pagellus erythrinus
	Parapenaeus longirostris
	Sepia officinalis
	Solea vulgaris

Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL DATA

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

Class:

Cephalopoda

Order:

Sepiida

Family:

Sepiidae

English name:

Common cuttlefish

Local Name:

SQ:	Sepia
HR:	Sipa
IT:	Seppia comune
SR:	Sipa
SL:	Sipa

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Original Scientific Illustrations Archive

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

The body of the Common cuttlefish is oval, rounded posteriorly, bordered throughout its length by a narrow fin. The mouth is surrounded by eight non-retractile arms and two long, retractile, tentacles that are inserted laterally. The fourth left arm in males is the hectocotylus. The cuttlebone, anteriorly and posteriorly, is rounded, with a weak spine visible in juveniles, but embedded in chitin in adults.

Being a mimetic species, the common cuttlefish has a very variable body colour; i.e., specimens show different colour patterns, depending on substrate. Specimens are generally yellowish or marked with blotches or long vinelike bands, depending on the state of expansion of the chromatophores (Fabi, 2001).

Morphology data:
n.a.

DISTRIBUTION

World:
Sepia officinalis is found throughout the Mediterranean basin and the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from the Baltic Sea to about 17° N.

Adriatic Sea:
This species inhabits the entire coastal part of the Adriatic Sea (Gamulin Brida and Ilijanić, 1972). It migrates seasonally; in winter it resides mostly in circalitoral zone where it matures sexually, in spring, it migrates to the shallower infralitoral region to spawn (Mandić, 1984). In the central and northern Adriatic it occurs predominantly on sandy and muddy bottoms up to 100-150 m deep (Manfrin Piccinetti and Rizzoli, 1984; Soro and Piccinetti Manfrin, 1989; Županović and Jardas, 1989; Casali et al., 1998). In the southern Adriatic, in the colder part of the year, the Common cuttlefish is most dense at depths from 50 to 60 m. During the warmer part of the year it migrates closer to the coast for spawning and forms dense settlements at 10 to 30 m depth. In autumn it withdraws into deeper waters and, in this part of the year, is most abundant at depths between 40 and 50 m. In spring, the population density is uniform up to 60 m, but it can be also found, in small quantities, up to 110 m (Mandić and Stjepčević, 1981; Mandić, 1984).

Habitat:
It is a demersal species, more abundant in coastal waters on muddy and sandy bottoms covered with seaweed and phanerogams, but its distribution can be extended to a depth of about 200 m (Relini et al., 1999). It is particularly active during the night. In the daytime it adopts a sedentary lifestyle, often burrowing into the sand.

BIOLOGICAL DATA

Size:
As with most cephalopod species, the biological and ecological characteristics of common cuttlefish, and also the stock assessment, have been insufficiently investigated in the Adriatic Sea. This species can grow to a maximum of 35 cm (mantle length), but the usual length ranges between 15 to 20 cm. Longevity is 18 to 30 months (Fisher et al., 1987).

The length-weight relationship:
The length-weight relationship shows negative allometry.

The Mantle Length (ML, cm) – weight (g) relationship.

Author	Sex	a	b
Manfrin Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984	M+F	0.22041	2.773

Reproduction:
The spawning period of this species extends throughout the year, with peaks in spring and summer. In the northern and central Adriatic it reproduces in April and May, but females with mature eggs can be found even in June and July (Manfrin Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984). In the southern Adriatic, it spawns from February to September, but with a peak from April to June. The diameter of the eggs is from 6 to 8 mm (Mandić, 1984). The length of the mantle is about 10 cm at first sexual maturity.

Sex Ratio
n.a.

Length at the first sexual maturity:

Mantel Length (ML, cm) at the first sexual maturity.

Author	Sex	ML (cm)	Age (yr)
Manfrin Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984	M+F	10	1

Feeding behaviour:
The common cuttlefish is an active predator. It feeds mostly on crustaceans, especially decapods, and fish. In the absence of this food, it can become cannibalistic (Fabi, 2001).

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

CPUE:
In 1982, the highest population density in the central and northern Adriatic was noted along the Italian coast in the biocenosis of Turritella communis (Casali et al., 1998). The proportion of this species in the total cephalopod biomass in the central Adriatic is about 36% (Mandić, 1984). In the period from 1982 to 1991, in the central and northern Adriatic, the CPUE values from the “Pipeta” expedition showed distinct fluctuations without a clear trend (Piccinetti and Piccinetti Manfrin, 1994).

Biomass/Abundance Indexes:
By analysing the total annual landings of this species in the Adriatic in the period from 1972 to 1997, Mannini and Massa (2000) observed distinct fluctuations in the catch. Nevertheless, a negative trend of the catches was found both in the northern and central Adriatic.

Mortality:
n.a.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Gear:
The common cuttlefish is an important commercial resource and one of the most appreciated cephalopod species. It is caught mainly with bottom and beam (“rapido”) trawl nets, but trammel nets, fyke nets and specific pots are used as well. In the Adriatic Sea, the common cuttlefish is also, together with European squid, an important target of small-scale artisanal and recreational fishing activities. The trammel net proved to be the most efficient gear for fishing S. officinalis on the sandy-rock seabed. The yield of the fyke nets and pots does not change much when the gear is kept in sea for 24 or 48 h. It was proved that leaving these traps in the sea longer does not increase their efficiency (Fabi, 2001).

Fisheries statistics:

Sepia officinalis capture fishery production (Adriatic Sea*). Data: FAO-FISHSTAT (GFCM (Mediterranean and Black Sea) capture production 1970-2003 (Release date: May 2005) Regional dataset available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/stat/windows/fishplus/gfcm.zip.

*According to GFCM definition of statistical sub-areas the Adriatic Sea falls within the area 2.1, thus including only the Northern and Central basins, while the Southern Adriatic basin and consequently the coast of South-eastern Italy and of Albania are included in the Ionian Sea (area 2.2). In order to have as comprehensive a picture as possible of all Adriatic Sea fishery production, Albanian data originally classified as from the Ionian Sea have been included in the Adriatic data set used. Unfortunately, this was not feasible for South-western Italy (Apulia Region).

Selectivity:
n.a.

GENETICS

Species
Relevant genetic results
Population biology and ecology issues

Genetic diversity Genetic differentiation

Sepia officinalis
Number of alleles: 2-12 (mean 6.4)
Heterozigosity:11%-89%(mean 47%)
HWE fitting. 44%
The Adriatic samples showed medium-low polymorphism and several significant departures from the HWE equilibrium

Fixation indices among Adriatic geographical samples are low and randomly significant.
Fixation indices of temporal sample replicate are significant The stock shows temporal rather than spatial genetic differentiation

A single population unit is probably present within the Adriatic stock.
The seasonal migrations occurring for reproduction could determine admixture of different cohorts determining genetic disequilibrium and random genetic differentiation.
Preliminary data show temporal genetic unstableness, suggest further analysis and recommend cautionary approach to the management.

Scientific name
Common name
Project framework
Sampling (Survey) Development of genetic marker (type & number of markers) Genetic structure (analysed samples, geographic areas) Population units in the Adriatic shared stock Reference associated

Sepia officinalis
Cuttlefish IPUAS, FAO-AdiaMed √
(MEDITS 2001) √
(microsatellites, 5 optimised loci) √
(5; NA,MA,SA) √
Single panmictic unit Final report of the AdriaMed IPUAS research programme Garoia et al. 2004a.

LEGISLATION

Minimum size:

Species (local or common name)
Species (scientific name)
Minimum size in cm or
minimum weight in kg

ALB:
It is strictly prohibited to fish and sell any aquatic species less than the minimum regulatory size as set out in Article 48.1 of Fisheries Regulations No.1 of 1997.

Sipa
Sepia officinalis
cm 20

CRO:
n.a.

Sepia
Sepia officinalis
-

ITA:

Seppia comune
Sepia officinalis
-

SCG:

Sipa
Sepia officinalis
-

SLO:

Sipa
Sepia officinalis
-

Fishing gear:

Type of fishing gear	Allowed quantities per license in pieces or length (cm)	Minimum Mesh size in mm or number of hooks	Time of use (open season)	Area of use
ALB: n.a.
-	-	-	-	-
CRO: Numerous regulations have been adopted in Croatia to regulate fishing gears’ technical characteristics and their use with regard to commercial, small-scale and sport fishing. An Ordinance of 1996 on commercial fishing (46/96) prescribes, according to the type of license granted to a vessel, the quantities and types of gear that can be carried on board and used from that vessel. Mesh sizes of nets and other fishing gears as well as their area and time of use have also been determined in Regulations on Commercial Fishing of 2000 (83/2000) and are summarized in Table below.
Trammel net for cuttle fish (Sepia officinalis)	800 m	32 - 38 mm (middle layer) and 150 – 170 mm (outer layer)	1/9 to 1/6	TS
ITA: n.a.
-	-	-	-	-
SGC: n.a.
-	-	-	-	-
SLO: n.a.
-	-	-	-	-

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