Scientific Cooperation to Support Responsible Fisheries in the Adriatic Sea

SPECIES LIST

Eledone cirrhosa
Eledone moschata
Loligo vulgaris
Lophius budegassa
Lophius piscatorius
Merlangius merlangus
Merluccius merluccius
Mullus barbatus
Nephrops norvegicus
Pagellus erythrinus
Parapenaeus longirostris
Sepia officinalis
Solea vulgaris

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

Solea vulgaris (Quensel, 1806) (Sin. Solea solea Jordan & Gross, 1889)

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL DATA

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

GENETICS

LEGISLATION

REFERENCES

Class:  Actinopterygii
Order:  Pleuronectiformes
Family:  Soleidae
English name:  Common sole
   
Local Name: 

SQ:

 Gjuze kanali

HR:

 List, šfoja

IT:

 Sogliola

SR:

 List, patarača

SL:

 Morski list

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Original Scientific Illustrations Archive

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

The body of the Common sole is egg-shaped and flat. The maximum body height is equal to 1/3 of the total length. The eyes are on the right side, the upper one slightly anterior to the lower. Both pectoral fins are well developed, the left one being somewhat smaller than the right one. The dorsal fin begins anterior to the eyes, by the mouth. The last rods of the dorsal and the anal fins are connected to the caudal fin, which is round.

The colour on the eyed side of the body is greyish-brown to reddish-brown, with large and diffused dark spots. The pectoral fin has a blackfish spot at its distal half. The posterior margin of the caudal fin is generally dark (Relini et al., 1999).

Morphology data:
The number of rods in particular fins is as follows: D: 69-97, A: 53- 79, P: 9-10, V: 5-6 (Tortonese, 1975, Fisher et al., 1987, Jardas, 1996).

DISTRIBUTION

World:
This common sole species lives in the eastern Atlantic, from Scandinavia to Senegal and in the entire Mediterranean. It is rare in the Black Sea.

Adriatic Sea:
It is widespread in the Adriatic Sea, especially in the northern part. In the northern and central Adriatic, the distribution of this species depends on age: mature fish occur on the outer side of the Istrian coast, and younger fish (12-15 cm) are found in the Italian coastal waters, primarily at the mouth of the Po River (Giovanardi et.al., 1984, Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984). Data from tagging experiments (Pagotto et al., 1979, Pagotto and Piccinetti, 1982) showed that the majority of the Adriatic population was moving from north to south along the Italian coast and, probably, from south to north along the eastern Adriatic coast.

Habitat:
It is a demersal and sedentary species, living on sandy and muddy bottoms, mostly in rivers and near the river mouths and also digging into sea bottoms (Tortonese, 1975, Fisher et al., 1987, Jardas, 1996). Although Jardas, (1996) stated that the species is distributed from coastal waters to depth of 250 m, it was only caught during the expedition MEDITS (1996-1998) in depth strata up to 100 m (Vrgoč, 2000).

BIOLOGICAL DATA

Size:
The maximum length of this species in the Adriatic is 30 cm (Bini (1968-70); Tortonese, 1975). Jardas (1996) reported a maximum length of 47 cm, measured on a specimen found at the Pula fish market in 1957. According to Tortonese (1975), the maximum age is about 20 years, while Fisher et al. (1987) and Jardas (1996) reported longevity up to 24 years in females and 27 years in males.

Length-weight relationship:
The Total Length (TL, cm) – weight (g) relationship.

Author Sex a b

Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984

M 0.00864 3.013
F 0.00571 3.143
M+F 0.00693 3.084

Froglia and Giannetti, 1985

M+F 0.004353 3.236

Vallisneri et al., 2000

F

W = 6.21 * 10(5.14e-2TL) R=0.951

M

W = 5.55 * 10(5.48e-2TL) R=0.883

In the Adriatic, growth analyses on this species have been made, using otoliths, scales and tagging experiments. A great variability in the growth rate was noted: some specimens had grown 2 cm in one month, while the others, of the same age group, needed a whole year (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984). These differences in the growth dynamics are shown in the table.

Total Length and age data:
Total Length (TL, cm) and age (year) data

Author Sex

Age (yr)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Ghirardelli, 1959a

M+F 16.8 21.4 23.9 25.6 33.1 -

Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984

M+F 18-20 21-30 - - - -

Vallisneri et al., 2000

F 20 25 29 32 34 37

Froglia and Giannetti (1985) found the linear relation between the otolith length (OL) and total length (TL) of fish:

OL (mm)=0,4667+0,1287 TL (cm); R=0,96.

Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF).
Von Bertalanffy growth equation parameters, calculated using various methods are summarised in the table.

Parameters of the Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF).

Author

Sex W(g) L(cm) K(month-1) t0(month-1) Ф

Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984

M+F - 40.10 0.679* - 7.00

Froglia and Giannetti, 1985

M+F - 38.25 0.041 -3.57 6.58

Froglia and Giannetti, 1986

M 323 23.20 0.069 -1.66 6.10
F 562 37.87 0.042 -5.36 6.58
M+F 576 38.25 0.041 -3.57 6.58

* k(yr-1).

Spawning:
In the Mediterranean Sea, the reproduction of common sole occurs from December to May (Bini (1968-70), Tortonese, 1975, Fisher et al., 1987), and in the Adriatic from November to March (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984) or from autumn to early winter (Jardas, 1996).
Although it occurs in the entire area of this species distribution, there are some regions with a higher concentration of reproducers, like the western coast of Istria (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984).

Length at maturity is 25 cm (Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996; Vallisneri et al., 2000). The age of the first maturity is 2 years (Jardas, 1996) and 3 to 5 years (Fisher et al., 1987). Females having a weight of 300 g have about 150000 eggs, while those weighting 400 g have about 250000 eggs (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984); eggs are pelagic. The male-female ratio is approximately 1:1 (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984).

Hatching occurs after eight days and larva measures 3 to 4 mm (Tortonese, 1975). Eye migration starts at 7 mm length and ends at 10-11 mm length. Benthic life begins after seven or eight weeks (15 mm) near coastal and brackish waters (Bini (1968-70)).

Feeding behaviour:
The fish feed night and day on remains buried in the substrate. Food includes mostly invertebrates and small fish (Tortonese, 1975); polichaetes worms, molluscs, small crustaceans (Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996) and small echinoderms (Bini (1968-70)).

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

Biomass/Abundance Indexes:
Using a tagging method
Pagotto and Piccinetti (1982) estimated the total biomass of Solea vulgaris, in the entire Adriatic, to be 19000 tonnes. On the basis of the expedition MEDITS (1996-1998), Vrgoč (2000) stated that, in the central and northern Adriatic, the biomass index of this species amounted to 0,43 kg/km2 (0,80 kg/km2 in stratum 0-50 m, and 0,51 kg/km2 in stratum 50-100 m). He also found that the proportion of common sole in the total survey catch of all the demersal fish was 0,15%.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Gear:
The common sole is an economically important species in the Adriatic, especially in its northern part (
Ghirardelli, 1959a; Piccinetti, 1967; Jardas, 1996; Vallisneri et al., 2000). It is caught with various bottom trawl gears, such as beam trawl (“rapido”), “tartana” (the Italian commercial trawl net), “sfogliara”, and secondarily by trammel net and trident which is also used along the Croatian coast.

Fisheries Statistics:

The annual catch of this species in the Adriatic varies from 1.300 to 3.000 tonnes. The highest catches are in autumn period (October-November) when a new year-class enters the catches. Considerable fluctuations in the annual catch are most probably the result of different recruitment magnitude.
Despite its great economical importance, this species has been relatively poorly researched in the Adriatic. The situation is somewhat better for the western coast, while there have not been any studies of this species along the eastern Adriatic coast.


Solea solea capture fishery production (Adriatic Sea*). Data: FAO-FISHSTAT (GFCM (Mediterranean and Black Sea) capture production 1970-2003 (Release date: May 2005) Regional dataset available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/stat/windows/fishplus/gfcm.zip.

*According to GFCM definition of statistical sub-areas the Adriatic Sea falls within the area 2.1, thus including only the Northern and Central basins, while the Southern Adriatic basin and consequently the coast of South-eastern Italy and of Albania are included in the Ionian Sea (area 2.2). In order to have as comprehensive a picture as possible of all Adriatic Sea fishery production, Albanian data originally classified as from the Ionian Sea have been included in the Adriatic data set used. Unfortunately, this was not feasible for South-western Italy (Apulia Region).

Selectivity:
Selectivity of the fishery gear for this species was studied for “rapido”. The data are listed in the table.
Selectivity of “rapido” towards common sole.

Author

Mesh size (mm)

L50% (cm)

SF SR  L25%-L75%

Ferretti e Froglia, 1975

43 17.2 4.0 14.4-19.1
42.5 14.6 3.4 13.7-15.3
41.6 16.2 3.9 14.9-17.6
41.5 15.5 3.7 12.9-18.1

Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984

- 15 3.4-4.0 11.13-13.02

Mortality:
The species is very vulnerable to exploitation because of its way of life (by night more exposed to fishing because of its burrowing behaviour during the day) and because it is a species that reaches sexual maturity relatively slowly (
Relini et al., 1999).

Piccinetti and Giovanardi (1984) give mortality coefficient values for the species in the Adriatic.

The mortality rate coefficients for common sole in the Adriatic. (Piccinetti and Giovanardi, 1984).

Method

Natural mortality (M yr-1)

Pauly, 1984

0.9

Tanaka, 1960

0.6

Method

Natural mortality (Z yr-1)

Beverton & Holt,  1956

2.0

Catch curve (without 0 class)

1.4

GENETICS

 

Scientific name

Common name

Project framework

Sampling (Survey) Development of genetic marker (type & number of markers) Genetic structure (analysed samples, geographic areas) Population units in the Adriatic shared stock Reference associated

Solea vulgaris

Common sole GIPUAS, FAO-AdriaMed
(2001, ad hoc collections)

(microsatellites, 5 optimised loci)

(5; NA,MA,SA)

Single panmictic unit
Final report of the AdriaMed IPUAS research programme,
Guarniero, 2004.

LEGISLATION

Minimum size

Species (local or common name)

Species (scientific name)

Minimum size in cm or
minimum weight in kg

ALB:
It is strictly prohibited to fish and sell any aquatic species less than the minimum regulatory size as set out in Article 48.1 of Fisheries Regulations No.1 of 1997.

Gjuhezat

Solea spp.

20cm

CRO:
The Order of 1998 (145/98) and amended by the Order 101/02 on the Protection of Fish and Other Marine Organisms was adopted to determine the minimum sizes of certain species of fish.

List

Solea vulgaris

20 cm

ITA:
the self-executing rules of Reg. EC 1626/1994 establish the minimum size to protect juvenilest

Sogliola

Solea vulgaris

20 cm

SCG:
The minimum size is laid down as follows: (2. Decree on prohibition of capture and trade in fish juveniles, undersized fish and other marine organisms no. 10/2004).

List, patarača

Solea vulgaris

25 cm

SLO:
n.a.

-

-

-

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